To date, coal-based hard carbon is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high storage capacity, appropriately low operating potential and relatively stable source. In addition, coal offers significant advantages in terms of cost, scale-up production and commercialization.
The p-ZGl + nS were finally heated at 1400 °C under the same condition except for the temperature as that of pre-carbonization. The obtain hard carbons are recorded as HC-ZGl + nS (n = 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0) Following HC materials were prepared with zinc acetate and zinc chloride as templates, and phenolic resin and starch as added carbon sources. The synthesis
It is noteworthy that direct carbonization of pitch produces soft carbon rather than hard carbon, and some methods have been developed to restrain graphitization of pitch to prepare hard
Recent lab-scale research has demonstrated the potential of hard carbon as an anode material for Na-ion batteries, but several challenges hinder its scale-up to meet industrial demands. Issues such as CO 2 emissions, environmental impacts, cost efficiency, and the need for comprehensive techno-economic and life cycle analyses are often
Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity anode materials in alkali metal-ion batteries, such as lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. High reversible capacities are often coming along with high irreversible capacity losses during
Hard carbon materials obtained at higher carbonization temperatures may result in smaller interlayer spacing that is unfavorable for the insertion/de-embedding of Na +. Therefore, a balance between the degree of graphitization and the layer spacing at the optimum carbonization temperature is critical for obtaining excellent sodium storage hard carbon materials. According
Hard carbon, a prominent member of carbonaceous materials, shows immense potential as a high-performance anode for energy storage in batteries, attracting significant
With sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) finding widespread application, the demand grows for hard carbon, the most popular anode material for SIBs. Hydrothermal carbonization facilitates the production
1. Introduction The increasing demand for energy storage systems has promoted intensive research into advanced materials for post-lithium rechargeable batteries. 1–3 Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising candidates due to widespread availability and lower cost of sodium resources, with a particular focus on grid-level systems for renewable energy
Biomass-derived porous carbon materials are meaningful to employ as a hard carbon precursor for anode materials of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) from a sustainability perspective.
The carbonization process of hard carbon precursors releases gases such as H 2, CH 4, CO, and CO 2, these gases have an etching effect on carbon structure. Therefore, the hard carbon possesses abundant nanoscale pores internally [39]. According to the definition of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the internal pores of hard
To address these issues, this review extracts effective data on precursors, carbonization temperature, microstructure, and electrochemical performance from a large amount of literature on hard carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries through data mining to construct a preparation-structure–property database (Fig. 4). A data analysis method
Hard carbons represent the anode of choice for sodium-ion batteries. Their structure, sodium storage mechanism and sustainability are reviewed, highlighting the
Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity anode materials in alkali metal-ion batteries, such as lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. High reversible capacities are often coming along with high irreversible capacity losses during the first cycles, limiting commercial viability.
Having in mind the structural complexity of these materials, hard carbons have been described as "carbon–carbon composites" [116], "carbon alloys" [117], or carbon allotropes [92] with nanodomains (<500 nm) of small-ordered volumes (pseudo-graphitic, high degree of anisotropy) alongside with larger disordered (isotropic) regions [90].
Among the many anode electrode materials of sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon materials have the superiority of high capacity, low price, and low working voltage, and their unique structure is conducive to sodium-ion adsorption and reversible embedding/removal, showing excellent sodium storage performance, making them the most likely anode
Hard carbon, a prominent member of carbonaceous materials, shows immense potential as a high-performance anode for energy storage in batteries, attracting significant attention.
To date, coal-based hard carbon is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high storage capacity, appropriately low operating potential and relatively
Among the many anode electrode materials of sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon materials have the superiority of high capacity, low price, and low working voltage, and their
Compared with other metal anodes such as lithium, sodium and potassium, carbon materials exhibit low redox potential, enhanced safety, significant low-cost advantages and decent electrochemical performance for large-scale metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Among the various carbon precursors, low-cost coal and coal derivatives are preferred due to
Sulfur-doped hard carbon materials are considered as the most promising candidate for anodes of sodium-ion batteries, since they can expand carbon interlayer spacing and form a highly active C–S bond in the carbon skeleton. However, the multiple hard carbons contain a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups, which are carried by
At the same time, coals with different grades of metamorphism have different structural characteristics and, after carbonization, they exhibit different hard-carbon structures, providing a reliable guarantee for the structural controls of coal-based carbon materials . It is effective to utilize coals as the raw materials for the preparation of anode materials for sodium
Hard carbons represent the anode of choice for sodium-ion batteries. Their structure, sodium storage mechanism and sustainability are reviewed, highlighting the challenges for the rational design of optimized anode materials through the deep understanding of the structure – function correlations.
It is noteworthy that direct carbonization of pitch produces soft carbon rather than hard carbon, and some methods have been developed to restrain graphitization of pitch to prepare hard carbon materials [[24], [25], [26]]. The most cost-effective method for the preparation of pitch-based hard carbon is pre-oxidation of pitch. Nowadays, the most of the existing studies on pre-oxidation of
RESEARCH PAPER Insights into the carbonization mechanism of bituminous coal-derived carbon materials for lithium-ion and sodium- ion batteries Qing-Qing Tian1,3, Xiao-Ming Li2, Li-Jing Xie2, Fang-Yuan Su2, Zong-Lin Yi2, Liang Dong1,3,*, Cheng- Meng Chen2,* 1Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, China University of Mining and
1. Introduction The increasing demand for energy storage systems has promoted intensive research into advanced materials for post-lithium rechargeable batteries. 1–3 Sodium-ion
Biomass-derived porous carbon materials are meaningful to employ as a hard carbon precursor for anode materials of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) from a sustainability perspective.
Yuliang Cao et al. prepared hard carbon materials with abundant closed pore structures by depositing small molecules such as benzene and toluene into the micropores of activated carbon via chemical vapour deposition (CVD), followed by high-temperature carbonization [15]. This approach effectively enhanced the ICE and plateau capacity of the anode materials. However,
Recent lab-scale research has demonstrated the potential of hard carbon as an anode material for Na-ion batteries, but several challenges hinder its scale-up to meet industrial demands. Issues such as CO 2
Therefore, optimizing the pore diameter and quantity in hard carbon is essential for maximizing its contribution to overall efficiency and capacity in alkali metal-ion batteries. In conclusion, the intricate microstructures of hard carbon lead to multiple alkali metal ion storage mechanisms coexisting within the material.
Hard carbons are extensively studied for application as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries, but only recently a great interest has been focused toward the understanding of the sodium storage mechanism and the comprehension of the structure–function correlation.
By analyzing the behavior of the same hard carbon material with different ions, we can explore variations in storage mechanisms, such as adsorption, intercalation, and pore filling. This comparative analysis enhances our understanding of ion insertion and release behaviors, and evaluates the applicability of hard carbon for various ion batteries.
It comprehensively elucidates the key bottleneck issues of the hard carbon anode structure and electrolyte in sodium-ion batteries and proposes several solutions to enhance the performance of hard carbon materials through structural design and electrolyte optimization.
At the negative electrode, carbon-based materials always played a fundamental role for alkali ion batteries. Carbon and its allotropes represent an intriguing class of compounds, characterized by low cost, large abundance, and uniquely tunable electronic and structural properties.
Research into hard carbon for energy storage in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) began in the 1970s [7, 8, 9], driven by the quest for optimal anode materials.
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