The study shows that water is best-suited HTF for low working temperatures as it has a high coefficient of heat transfer between the tubes and the working fluids. Air appears to be a good working fluid for small temperature ranges as its high exit temperatures. Therminol working fluid is associated with higher working temperatures.
Under the proposed working conditions, R600, R600a, R245fa, R236fa, R236ea, R601, R601a are chosen as the working fluids of the low-temperature solar Rankine cycle system to optimize the system parameters by the genetic algorithm. According to the optimization results, when
The Rankine cycle is considered the most common and competitive power generation cycle to produce electricity from solar thermal energy. This paper reviews the work done on the solar Rankine cycle systems for power generation and focuses on the working fluids investigated in the literature and the application of these systems in
The Rankine cycle is considered the most common and competitive power generation cycle to produce electricity from solar thermal energy. This paper reviews the work
Thermal-power cycles operating with supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) could have a significant role in future power generation systems with applications including fossil fuel, nuclear power, concentrated-solar power, and waste-heat recovery.The use of sCO 2 as a working fluid offers potential benefits including high thermal efficiencies using heat-source
In this chapter, novel working fluids such as liquid metals and organic fluids along with water are discussed for the primary, secondary and tertiary Rankine cycles. The cycle efficiency for
This review discusses the current status of heat transfer fluid, which is one of the critical components for storing and transferring thermal energy in concentrating solar power systems. Various types of heat transfer fluids including air, water/steam, thermal oils, organic fluids, molten-salts and liquid metals are reviewed in detail
Some of the most probable heat sources are solar and nuclear. Using the sun as the primary energy source of the power plant only further boosts the advantages of power from space solar power, which requires a collection area about 8-fold smaller than that needed on earth [1], [5], [6], [7].Nuclear energy, already used for satellite and space probe powering in
Supercritical CO2 is becoming popular as a working fluid due to its high thermal conductivity and density, enabling compact system designs and improved cycle efficiency. The selection of a
Under the proposed working conditions, R600, R600a, R245fa, R236fa, R236ea, R601, R601a are chosen as the working fluids of the low-temperature solar Rankine cycle system to optimize the system parameters by the genetic algorithm. According to the optimization results, when the total irreversible loss of the system is minimum, calculating and
A low-temperature solar-thermal-electric power generation system, which uses HCFC123 as the working fluid of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) as...
This review discusses the current status of heat transfer fluid, which is one of the critical components for storing and transferring thermal energy in concentrating solar
Supercritical CO2 is becoming popular as a working fluid due to its high thermal conductivity and density, enabling compact system designs and improved cycle efficiency. The selection of a working fluid impacts the temperature range of operation, which is critical for maximizing energy capture in concentrated solar power systems.
In comparison to water, organic fluids are advantageous when the plant runs at low temperature or low power. The ORC is scalable to smaller unit sizes and higher efficiencies during cooler...
State-of-the-art CSP has a maximum solar-to-electric efficiency of 29.4%* Operationally, industrial-scale plants are < 15% efficient – primary HTFs absorb solar heat as sensible heat at near atmospheric pressure in solar collector and are pumped through heat exchangers to transfer heat to water to produce steam for power generation
To select a suitable working fluid for low-temperature solar thermal power generation organic Rankine cycle, the PR equation of state was adopted to calculate and analyze the thermal...
A low-temperature solar-thermal-electric power generation system, which uses HCFC123 as the working fluid of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) as...
It is claimed that the system converts solar thermal energy into electrical power with a thermal efficiency of 30–40%, which is 11–18% for steam–water Rankine cycle. Buyadgie says that: ''In the Brayton power cycle, mechanical compressor consumes useful work. When ejector replaces compressor, the system''s efficiency increases 2–2.5 times since ejector does
The central theme in all these technologies is harnessing solar thermal energy through heat transfer fluids for storing and transferring thermal energy in concentrating solar power systems. Solar power tower technology is the current and future trend for CSP installation, because of its potential to achieve very high temperatures which leads to enhanced efficiency
7. Thermal energy storage (TES) TES are high-pressure liquid storage tanks used along with a solar thermal system to allow plants to bank several hours of potential electricity. • Two-tank direct system: solar thermal
In this chapter, novel working fluids such as liquid metals and organic fluids along with water are discussed for the primary, secondary and tertiary Rankine cycles. The cycle efficiency for various working fluids with and without nanofluids in the organic Rankine cycle are also discussed.
The organic working fluids have many different characteristics from water [31]. The slope of the saturation curve of a working fluid in a T–s diagram can be positive (e.g. isopentane), negative (e.g. R22) or vertical (e.g. R11), and the fluids are accordingly called "wet", "dry" and "isentropic" fluids. Wet fluids like water
Online search tools such as Google scholar and IIT-Delhi library database are considered to explore the peer-reviewed articles using the range of keywords such as solar thermal technologies, industrial process heat applications, temperature requirements in industrial process heat, solar aided power generation, thermal energy storage, etc. Following, the
In a solar power plant, the heat transfer fluid (HTF) flows through the solar receiver and transfers heat to the heat storage system or for the conversion into the electricity system. The heat transfer fluid differs from the working fluid. The latter is employed in a thermodynamic system that generates work, which is most often a steam turbine
State-of-the-art CSP has a maximum solar-to-electric efficiency of 29.4%* Operationally, industrial-scale plants are < 15% efficient – primary HTFs absorb solar heat as sensible heat
The most iconic multi-component molten salt developed for solar thermal power generation technology is the Solar Salt (60% NaNO 3 –40% KNO 3), which has been used in many CSP plants (e.g., the Solar Two, Gemasolar, and Cresent Dunes). Its melting and decomposition temperatures are 493 and 858 K, respectively. In order to improve the
The thermodynamic cycles used for solar thermal power generation can be broadly classified as low, medium and high temperature cycles. Low temperature cycles work at maximum temperatures of about 100°C, medium temperature cycles work at maximum temperatures up to 400°C, while high temperature cycles work at tempera- tures above 400°C. Low temperature
The study shows that water is best-suited HTF for low working temperatures as it has a high coefficient of heat transfer between the tubes and the working fluids. Air appears to
To select a suitable working fluid for low-temperature solar thermal power generation organic Rankine cycle, the PR equation of state was adopted to calculate and
Widely used working fluids are discussed here. Water is considered to be the first used candidate since the nineteenth century, when a solar Rankine cycle was demonstrated in Paris for water pumping . It is the most used working fluid in solar Rankine cycles for water pumping applications as discussed in Section 0.
As shown, many organic fluids have been employed as working fluids in solar ORCs to select the proper fluid for the cycle. Hydrocarbons, refrigerants (including natural refrigerants), siloxanes and alcohols are the main organic candidates in the investigations.
Stainless steels and nickel based alloys are the typical piping and container materials for heat transfer fluids. Stability of the stainless steels and alloys while in contact with heat transfer fluids is very important for the longevity of concentrating solar power systems.
Specific fluids are used as candidates for different solar collector types. For very low temperature sources, R134a can be a suitable candidate as it is nontoxic and nonflammable, it has zero ODP and its GWP is 1300 .
Typical efficiencies of PV systems range between 12% to 20% . On the other hand, solar thermal systems are competitive and attractive, especially for large scale, as the storage of thermal energy is relatively easy and efficient, while storing electricity generated from PV systems is not particularly efficient .
Solar thermal energy is converted to mechanical power by means of power cycles such as Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle or the Stirling engine. The Rankine cycle is considered the most common and competitive power generation cycle used to produce electricity from solar thermal energy . Solar Rankine cycles are reviewed in the literature.
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