The emerging lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) are anticipated to enlarge the baseline energy density of batteries, which hold promise to supplement the capacity loss under low-temperature scenarios. Though being promising, the applications of LMBs at low temperature presently are still challenged, supposedly relating to the inferior
Solid-state lithium metal batteries show substantial promise for overcoming theoretical limitations of Li-ion batteries to enable gravimetric and volumetric energy densities
This paper first analyzes the effect of low temperature on the performance of Li-ion power batteries and further clarifies the preheating methods of LIB under low-temperature
Solid-state lithium metal batteries show substantial promise for overcoming theoretical limitations of Li-ion batteries to enable gravimetric and volumetric energy densities upwards of 500 Wh kg
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However, LIBs usually suffer from obvious capacity reduction, security problems, and a sharp decline in cycle life under low temperatures, especially below 0 °C, which can be mainly ascribed to the decrease in Li +
Contriving a gel polymer electrolyte to drive quasi-solid-state high-voltage Li metal batteries at ultralow temperatures with excellent capacity retention of 94% (200 cycles) and 96% (350 cycles), respectively. Notably, the GPE enabled Li//LiCoO 2 pouch cells to operate as low as −60 °C, delivering a high capacity of ∼112 mA h g −1, which represents the lowest operating
Modern technologies used in the sea, the poles, or aerospace require reliable batteries with outstanding performance at temperatures below zero degrees. However,
Here, we first review the main interfacial processes in lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, including Li + solvation or desolvation, Li + diffusion through the solid electrolyte interphase and electron transport. Then, recent progress on the electrode surface/interface modifications in lithium-ion batteries for enhanced low-temperature
Reducing the environmental temperature down to low temperature above or around the freezing point, the electrolyte remains liquid and the corresponding solvation shell of Li(solvents) x + is inevitably getting larger and larger, and the diffusion kinetics becomes much
The emerging lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) are anticipated to enlarge the baseline energy density of batteries, which hold promise to supplement the capacity loss
Especially at low temperature, the increased viscosity of the electrolyte, reduced solubility of lithium salts, crystallization or solidification of the electrolyte, increased resistance to charge transfer due to interfacial by-products, and short-circuiting due to the growth of anode lithium dendrites all affect the performance and safety of LIBs.
Contriving a gel polymer electrolyte to drive quasi-solid-state high-voltage Li metal batteries at ultralow temperatures with excellent capacity retention of 94% (200 cycles) and 96% (350
To address the issues mentioned above, many scholars have carried out corresponding research on promoting the rapid heating strategies of LIB [10], [11], [12].Generally speaking, low-temperature heating strategies are commonly divided into external, internal, and hybrid heating methods, considering the constant increase of the energy density of power
Recently, attention is gradually paid to Li metal batteries for low-temperature operation, where the explorations on high-performance low-temperature electrolytes emerge as a hot topic. In this review, the progress of
Currently, most literature reviews of BTMS are about system heat dissipation and cooling in high-temperature environments [30], [31].Nevertheless, lithium-ion batteries can also be greatly affected by low temperatures, with performance decaying at sub-zero temperatures [32], [33].Many scholars have studied the causes of battery performance degradation in low
In general, enlarging the baseline energy density and minimizing capacity loss during the charge and discharge process are crucial for enhancing battery performance in low-temperature environments [[7], [8], [9], [10]].Li metal, a promising anode candidate, has garnered increasing attention [11, 12], which has a high theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mA h g-1
Here, we first review the main interfacial processes in lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, including Li + solvation or desolvation, Li + diffusion through the solid electrolyte interphase and electron transport. Then, recent
Reducing the environmental temperature down to low temperature above or around the freezing point, the electrolyte remains liquid and the corresponding solvation shell of Li(solvents) x + is inevitably getting larger and larger, and the diffusion kinetics becomes much harder, thus the Li + diffusion in the electrolyte phase is only slightly retarded by the
However, LIBs usually suffer from obvious capacity reduction, security problems, and a sharp decline in cycle life under low temperatures, especially below 0 °C, which can be mainly ascribed to the decrease in Li + diffusion coefficient in both electrodes and electrolyte, poor transfer kinetics on the interphase, high Li + desolvation barrier in...
Modern technologies used in the sea, the poles, or aerospace require reliable batteries with outstanding performance at temperatures below zero degrees. However, commercially available lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show significant performance degradation under low-temperature (LT) conditions.
This review recommends approaches to optimize the suitability of LIBs at low temperatures by employing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), using highly conductive anodes, focusing on improving commercial cathodes, and
In this review, we sorted out the critical factors leading to the poor low-temperature performance of electrolytes, and the comprehensive research progress of emerging electrolyte systems for the ultra-low temperature lithium battery is classified and highlighted. We further provide a systematic summary of the advanced characterization and
Additionally, considering the poor conductivity of elemental sulfur and lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), the complex charging and discharging process, and to date limited studies of low-temperature behavior and performance, the research on high-capacity low-temperature Li-S battery systems is facing multiple challenges.
Recently, attention is gradually paid to Li metal batteries for low-temperature operation, where the explorations on high-performance low-temperature electrolytes emerge as a hot topic. In this review, the progress of low-temperature Li metal batteries is
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Especially at low temperature, the increased viscosity of the electrolyte, reduced solubility of lithium salts, crystallization or solidification of the electrolyte, increased resistance to charge transfer due to interfacial by
Stable operation of rechargeable lithium-based batteries at low temperatures is important for cold-climate applications, but is plagued by dendritic Li plating and unstable solid–electrolyte
This paper first analyzes the effect of low temperature on the performance of Li-ion power batteries and further clarifies the preheating methods of LIB under low-temperature conditions. By comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the existing mainstream heating methods, the main conclusions are as follows:
Especially at low temperature, the increased viscosity of the electrolyte, reduced solubility of lithium salts, crystallization or solidification of the electrolyte, increased resistance to charge transfer due to interfacial by-products, and short-circuiting due to the growth of anode lithium dendrites all affect the performance and safety of LIBs.
However, given the diversity of application scenarios, the practical applications of Li metal batteries still remain challenges, especially in extremely low temperatures. The drop in temperature largely reduces the capacity and lifespan of batteries due to sluggish Li-ion (Li +) transportation and uncontrollable Li plating behaviors.
At low temperature, the increased viscosity of electrolyte leads to the poor wetting of batteries and sluggish transportation of Li-ion (Li +) in bulk electrolyte. Moreover, the Li + insertion/extraction in/from the electrodes, and solvation/desolvation at the interface are greatly slowed.
Here, we first review the main interfacial processes in lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, including Li + solvation or desolvation, Li + diffusion through the solid electrolyte interphase and electron transport.
Simultaneously, the Li + (de)intercalation process is restricted in cold conditions, leading to lower coulombic efficiency and the difficulty in charging and discharging, further deteriorating the life span of LIBs.
LIBs can store energy and operate well in the standard temperature range of 20–60 °C, but performance significantly degrades when the temperature drops below zero [2, 3]. The most frost-resistant batteries operate at temperatures as low as −40 °C, but their capacity decreases to about 12% .
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