Recycling routes of lithium-ion batteries: A critical review of the development status, the process performance, and life-cycle environmental impacts . November 2022; MRS Energy & Sustainability
Currently, the main drivers for developing Li-ion batteries for efficient energy applications include energy density, cost, calendar life, and safety. The high energy/capacity anodes and cathodes needed for these
Currently, the main drivers for developing Li-ion batteries for efficient energy applications include energy density, cost, calendar life, and safety. The high energy/capacity anodes and cathodes needed for these applications are hindered by challenges like: (1) aging and degradation; (2) improved safety; (3) material costs, and (4) recyclability.
To visualize such a pattern of technological evolution, we choose to study lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery technology through an extension of the citation-based main path analysis, namely the key-route main path analysis. The key-route method discloses the main paths that travel through a specified number of key citations. The resulting multiple paths
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high energy density and are characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The
Lithium-ion batteries operate via the transfer of lithium ions in two phases. During charging, lithium ions pass from the positive to the negative electrode, while the opposite occurs during discharging. Li-ion batteries do not require temperature monitoring to ensure effective operation.
There are three possible process sequences for each lithium-ion battery-recycling route. A distinction is made between pre-treatment steps (gray), direct physical
Lithium-ion batteries operate via the transfer of lithium ions in two phases. During charging, lithium ions pass from the positive to the negative electrode, while the opposite occurs during
Battery grade lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are the key products in the context of the energy transition. Lithium hydroxide is better suited than lithium carbonate for the next
"Sodium-ion batteries are compatible and complement lithium-ion batteries. Diversified technical routes are also an important guarantee for the long-term development of the industry," said Robin Zeng Yuqun, chairman of
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high energy density and are characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The rapid development of LIBs has led to increased production efficiency and lower costs for manufacturers, resulting in a growing
However, just because all of these electronics use lithium batteries doesn''t mean they use the same type of lithium batteries. We''ll take a closer look at the six main types of lithium batteries pros and cons, as well as the best applications for each. There are 6 main types of lithium batteries. What Is A Lithium Battery?
There are three possible process sequences for each lithium-ion battery-recycling route. A distinction is made between pre-treatment steps (gray), direct physical treatment steps (green), pyro-metallurgical treatment (orange), and hydro-metallurgical treatment (blue). The figure is based on a figure from Doose et al. (Joule 3:2622–2646, 2019).
The current iteration of Li-ion batteries, which are based on graphite anodes, liquid electrolytes, and cathode materials such as NMC and LFP, are generally considered to be reaching their performance limits. However, from cell materials to battery designs, there are still several routes that can lead to further improvements in performance and
This article summarizes pretreatment, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes and technologies in three major parts, analyzes their applicability and environmental friendliness using industrial examples, highlights their technical shortcomings and problems, and emphasizes the bright future of battery recycling.
The current iteration of Li-ion batteries, which are based on graphite anodes, liquid electrolytes, and cathode materials such as NMC and LFP, are generally considered to
Lithium ion batteries are divided into prismatic batteries, pouch batteries and cylindrical batteries according to the different packaging processes of lithium battery technology routes. The advantages of prismatic batteries are high packaging reliability, simple structure, high energy density of monomers, high system group efficiency, and
For instance, Swain reviewed various routes that include hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, chemical metallurgy, and bioleaching to recover lithium from various primary resources such as different ores, clay, brine, seawater, and recycling of batteries. However, the study provided few industry insights regarding lithium battery recycling. Velázquez-Martínez
Polymer electrolytes, a type of electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries, combine polymers and ionic salts. Their integration into lithium-ion batteries has resulted in significant advancements in battery technology, including improved safety, increased capacity, and longer cycle life. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing ion transport mechanism,
Lithium batteries have revolutionized energy storage, powering everything from smartphones to electric vehicles. Understanding the six main types of lithium batteries is essential for selecting the right battery for specific applications. Each type has unique chemical compositions, advantages, and drawbacks. 1. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
Reasonable design and applications of graphene-based materials are supposed to be promising ways to tackle many fundamental problems emerging in lithium batteries, including suppression of electrode/electrolyte side reactions, stabilization of electrode architecture, and improvement of conductive component. Therefore, extensive fundamental
Lithium ion batteries are divided into prismatic batteries, pouch batteries and cylindrical batteries according to the different packaging processes of lithium battery technology routes. The advantages of prismatic batteries are
Finally, the vacuum evaporation of lithium is applied and lithium oxides and metal concentrates for existing industrial process routes are obtained. Sony also developed an LIB recycling process in 1996 which includes two main steps: battery incineration, in which untreated batteries are incinerated at 1000 °C, followed by cobalt extraction performed at their
Battery grade lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are the key products in the context of the energy transition. Lithium hydroxide is better suited than lithium carbonate for the next generation of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Batteries with nickel–manganese–cobalt NMC 811 cathodes and other nickel-rich batteries require lithium hydroxide.
Lithium-ion batteries are the state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technology for mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles. Accordingly, they have attracted a continuously increasing interest in academia and industry, which has led to a steady improvement in energy and power density, while the costs have decreased at even
Lithium-ion batteries are the state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technology for mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles. Accordingly, they have attracted
We evaluate 209 publications and compare three major recycling routes. An important aspect of this review is that we tackle the need for a critical evaluation of these recycling routes by...
The lithium-ion battery market is increasing exponentially, going from $12 billion USD in 2011 to $50 billion USD in 2020 [].Estimates now forecast an increase to $77 billion USD by 2024 [].Data from the International Energy Agency shows a sixfold increase in lithium-ion battery production between 2016 and 2022 [] (Fig. 1).Therefore, combined with estimates from
We evaluate 209 publications and compare three major recycling routes. An important aspect of this review is that we tackle the need for a critical evaluation of these recycling routes by...
This article summarizes pretreatment, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes and technologies in three major parts, analyzes their applicability and
For a comprehensive evaluation of recycling routes for lithium-ion battery recycling, we provide a clear definition of the terms “full recycling route”, “direct physical route”, “pyro-metallurgical route”, “hydro-metallurgical route”, “recycling efficiency” and “material recovery efficiency”.
Conclusive summary and perspective Lithium-ion batteries are considered to remain the battery technology of choice for the near-to mid-term future and it is anticipated that significant to substantial further improvement is possible.
The transition metals and lithium salts that are recovered in the hydro-metallurgical route, the slag treatment and the pyro-metallurgical refinement processes correspond to the precursors from the production of lithium-ion batteries. High-purity degrees of up to 99.9% are achieved here.
The metal concentrates are then further processed in a metal refinery. 207 In the Umicore Valéas recycling process, both LIBs and LiMH batteries are treated. These are dismantled and then thermally treated in the furnace. Rare earths from the NiMH batteries are extracted from the slag.
Thus, we recommend for all future studies on lithium-ion battery recycling that our structure with a clear identification of the systems boundary is used. The need to create clarity is important, as we can expect the number of combinations to increase even further in order to produce products with high yields and purity.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the mainstay of power supplies in various mobile electronic devices and energy storage systems because of their superior performance and long-term rechargeability .
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